[X474.Ebook] Ebook The Famine Clearance in Toomevara, County Tipperary (Maynooth Studies in Local History), by Helen O'Brien

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On May 28, 1849, at the height of the Ireland's Great Famine, over 500 people were cruelly evicted from the village of Toomevara, county Tipperary. Reports of the clearance spread far and wide, and its notoriety was such that it was discussed in the British House of Commons. The determination to clear the village was carried out with little regard for the welfare or survival of its inhabitants, and the conditions in which those who remained in the village found themselves in are difficult to comprehend in the present day. This publication is the first detailed study of the clearance. It examines Toomevara parish's experience throughout the years 1845-1851, with particular focus on the clearance and the events which followed. A wide variety of sources are referred to, from official Irish government records to local newspaper reports and local folk memory. Perhaps the saddest part of Toomevara's Famine history was the role some of its own people played in the suffering of their fellow parishioners in the period following the clearance, sparking a bitterness which remained in the social memory of the parish for generations.

• Sales Rank: #3339296 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Four Courts Press
• Published on: 2010-10-28
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.25" h x 5.25" w x .25" l, .20 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 64 pages

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• Used Book in Good Condition

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0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
O'Brien's narrative of these sad events and highlights the strength of the survivors
By Richard O'Mara
Excellant book about a difficult time in Ireland. My family name has its origin in that part of Ireland, although I don't know if any of my ancesters actually came from Toomevara. Very well researched and detailed. The book comes alive with Ms. O'Brien's narrative of these sad events and highlights the strength of the survivors. Highly recommended.

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
The Sack of Toomevara - with some local folk involvement
By Shane O'Donoghue
This book is a worthy detailed record of the mass evictions in the 'Sack of Toomevara' that took place at the end of the Irish Famine (1845 - 1849) and sadly, how some of Toomevara's own local folk were involved in the dastedly acts inflicted on their own, the affects of which are still felt today within that community by those with connections to that event. Helen O'Brien is to be congratulated on her work as a job well done. This is an important contribution as a record for the future, as very little or nothing had been collated and penned on this, and it needed to be done.

1 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Irish Famine or British genocide? The Answer is both.
By francis p. hughes
It was well written and it answered my personal question as to whether my mother family's were hut tumblers . They were O' Mearas or O' Maras but they had moved to Limerick well before the Famine so they were not hut tumblers. It confirms the fact that the Brits were practicing genocide long before the Nazis.

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[E869.Ebook] Free Ebook Origin of Satan, by Elaine Pagels

Free Ebook Origin of Satan, by Elaine Pagels

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Origin of Satan, by Elaine Pagels

Free Ebook Origin of Satan, by Elaine Pagels

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• Sales Rank: #5092327 in Books
• Number of items: 1
• Binding: Paperback

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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
The author does a great job of showing how Satan evolved in scripture and ...
By thepoetnmotion
The author does a great job of showing how Satan evolved in scripture and society. It's interesting to observe how the gospel authors used Satan or the devil to describe "the others". The others are always children of the dark and in possession of Satan.It's an easy book to follow and I suggest that you have a Bible handy to hold the author accountable when quoting scripture.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Three Stars
By Linda M-G
OK

25 of 29 people found the following review helpful.
Origin of Satan Within The Judeo & Early Christian Movements
By R. Schwartz
This book presents an excellent analysis, yet I did find it somewhat disappointing. Not due to any lack on the writer's part, nor on the book itself, but rather to the title, The Origin of Satan, as it appeared to me to allude to more than just the Judeo-Christian scriptures and early formation of the Christian church, which is precisely what this book is about. There is an excellent history here of the early Christian Church, the gospels and Gnostic gospels pertaining and very small portions of the Hebrew scriptures, relating to the idea of Satan. And these are the boundaries this book is set in. This book supplies insight into the gospels, the Gnostic teachings and the early church that go beyond the subject of Satan.

I found most of the book itself one containing information I am already aware of and a short concise history of the gospels. It was the last chapter on the "enemy within", the Gnostics and fellow Christians who failed to adhere to the Orthodox hierarchy and prescribed canonical order that revealed additional points of the Gnostics that I had not read in Pagels other books; The Gnostic Gospels, and Beyond Belief, exposing the differentiations between the various groups and the Orthodox subsequent attacks and labeling of their opponents as heretics and agents of Satan.

The book brings out that the idea of Satan, which transformed, as in the angel of God who obstructed Balaam's donkey and in the case of Job, where Satan was a part of the hierarchical arrangement with Yahweh in heaven and not a rebel. Satan was additionally considered in the ideas of obstructions of justice, to other obstructing nations, to nations that simply differed, to all enemies, later taking on a more personal form, first part of a cosmic struggle to that of a personal being with legions of fallen angels, demons who resisted God and humans.

Satan was continually applied to the opposing parties, the gospel of Mark first defining the world scene as a cosmic war between the forces of good and evil. Mathew and Luke go further in defining the Jewish leaders as under the influence of demonic forces and John goes further in defining the entire collective Jewry as under such influence. The labeling of other groups as agents of Satan, can be seen over and again, which transmuted to various other parties. The Essences, for instance has defined the following of light over the darkness. Satan also became the perceived element behind the Pagans and Romans who were torturing and executing Christians, and yet the gospels, perhaps in order to prevent more harm to themselves, treaded lightly on Pontius Pilate and the Roman government, while venting their accusations towards what first became Judas Iscariot, then the Jewish authorities, and finally "the Jews" collectively, then transforming to other Christians that did not follow the Orthodox. In each case, the party in question identifies those with different ideologies, even within the group itself, as under the influence of Satan.

Pagels ends the book with the exception of the Gnostics, who unlike the Orthodox did not fall into the defining of enemies to Satan. While some were more radical in perceiving the God of the Hebrew scriptures as false, the more moderate generally agreed with many of the Orthodox moral and ethical teachings, while rejecting other teachings, such as the limited cannon and hierarchal conformity in the Orthodox as mislead in failing to comprehend the gnosis, but did so not under such the labeling attacks of heretic and Satanic influence.

One interesting point were some of the Gnostic interpretations of the Adam and Eve Story. One radical interpretation is that God did not tell the truth but the serpent did! The serpent was Christ! God the creator was not the highest and only, but was the demonic angel preventing Adam and Eve from the knowledge, telling them they would die, while the Serpent was speaking the truth, which can be seen by their realization of nakedness. So God, the demonic, then subjected humanity to a distracting life of sex, marriage, money, survival, the good and evil polarities, caught up in the game of life, apart from the real meaning of internal gnosis within. I'm sure there is much more on this in Pagels other book, Adam, Eve and the Serpent. It is also very interesting to see the attacks of Tertullian on any Christians who dare Socratic inquiry over scripture as in the above. All such would confuse and lead to further heresy, according to him.

It appears from the history that persons and groups of fundamentalism in their external searches for clarity, certainty and unity, limit their searches to mere acceptance without the paradox of true Socratic inquiry and the simultaneous depth of understanding without absolutes, resorting to the defining of Satan formulas for their perceived enemies. This can be seen later in Luther against the Catholics and Jews, other protestants, Jews and peasants who fought the aristocrats. And yet such confinement enemies being of Satan brought group security and solidarity.

Also were the counter points of loving one's enemies and forgiving others before offering your gift at the altar, along with St. Pauls adnomition to consign a man to Satan in order to help him repent and not be confined to hell or spiritual death.

In contrast it is those without absolutes with the willingness to expand their internal subjective journey, ceasing to force group conformity, were those who exhibited toleration and did not fall under the certain identification, nor reality of a literal Satan and demonic influences. Such can seen in St. Francis of Assisi and Martin Luther King, Jr. and in the Gnostics. While there are many variations in Gnostic teachings, in the sense are like many other mystics and universal groups throughout history. Pagels concludes her book: "I hope that this research may illuminate for others, as it has for me, the struggle within Christian tradition between the profoundly human view that "otherness" is evil and the words of Jesus that reconciliation is divine." p.184

The whole idea is that fundamentalists, biblical literalists and those that grasp on to formulas and absolutes, require literal beliefs and the adjoining accusations against their opponents, and any that think differently, labeling them as agents of Satan, heretics &etc., while the prophetic voices, those able to live in faith without humanly formulated structures, and live in degrees of insecurity and uncertainty, they can be tolerant and inclusive and cease the literal beliefs and the subsequent attacks of others, walking internally with courage and strength.

Interestingly, today's American fundamenalist, traditionalist, convervative, conservative religionist and those that need their personal formulations, agendas and non-pragmatic lenses to view reality through, use the word "liberal" to define any opposition, small or large. Liberal is the new word replacing the older buzz words of Satan and heretic. The intolerance of the vulernability needed to grow in democratic unity is trashed and the same method of name calling remains.

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[F653.Ebook] Download Words that Sell, Revised and Expanded Edition: The Thesaurus to Help You Promote Your Products, Services, and Ideas

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[J358.Ebook] Free Ebook One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate, by Tom Segev, Haim Watzman

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A panoramic and provocative history of life in Palestine during the three strife-torn but romantic decades when Britain ruled and the seeds of today's conflicts were sown

Tom Segev's acclaimed works, 1949 and The Seventh Million, overturned accepted views of the history of Israel. Now Segev explores the dramatic period before the creation of the state, when Britain ruled over "one Palestine, complete" (as noted in the receipt signed by the High Commissioner) and when its promise to both Jews and Arabs that they would inherit the land set in motion the conflict that haunts the region to this day.

Drawing on a wealth of untapped archival materials, Segev reconstructs a tumultuous era (1917 to 1948) of limitless possibilities and tragic missteps. He introduces the legendary figures--General Allenby, Lawrence of Arabia, David Ben-Gurion--as well as an array of pioneers, secret agents, diplomats, and fanatics. He tracks the steady advance of Jews and Arabs toward confrontation and with his hallmark originality puts forward a radical new argument: that the British, far from being pro-Arab, as commonly thought, consistently favored the Zionist position, and did so out of the mistaken--and anti-Semitic belief that Jews turned the wheels of history.

Rich in unforgettable characters, sensitive to all perspectives, One Palestine, Complete brilliantly depicts the decline of an empire, the birth of one nation, and the tragedy of another.

• Sales Rank: #1548799 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Metropolitan Books
• Published on: 2000-11-14
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.60" h x 1.92" w x 6.36" l,
• Binding: Hardcover
• 592 pages

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• Palestine History Israel British Mandate

Amazon.com Review
Topicality is never an issue where Israel and the Palestinians are concerned. The arguments--not to mention bloodshed--over Jewish and Muslim nationhood and land rights have been going on for centuries and, whatever the best intentions of the current peace process, they will probably go on for centuries to come. Both parties fanatically believe they have an inalienable historical right to statehood on the land in question and both regard Jerusalem as a holy city. As befits the disenfranchised, the Palestinians are slightly more open to a negotiated settlement, but the Israelis remain intransigent about handing over any but the most inhospitable of scrubland and the impasse remains. In the battle between the bullets and the ballot box, the bullets are winning hands-down.

Tom Segev is one of Israel's most notable historians and journalists--one of the few to strive for any sense of objectivity in his writings--so a new book by him is always worth waiting for. One Palestine, Complete is a detailed account of Palestine under British rule from 1917 to 1948, the critical period in the modern history of the region that led up to the creation of the state of Israel. Segev begins by carefully detailing Britain's well-known inconsistencies in dealing with both the Jews and the Arabs--to both of whom it had appeared to promise, if not the world, at least the country after independence was granted--and goes on to make a convincing case that because Palestine fell into the category of an emotional rather than self-interested colonial possession, the Brits hoped the situation would unwind to everyone's advantage.

Where Segev departs from the historical norm is in his assertions that whatever the British may have said to the Palestinians, their actions were uncompromisingly pro-Zionist from the start. This, he claims, was done out of the mistaken, anti-Semitic belief that the Jews controlled business and turned the wheels of history, rather than from a recognition of the rightness of their cause. Be this as it may, it is at best a partial explanation. Before World�War�II, Britain was on the verge of handing over Palestine to the Arabs, and Segev completely downplays the impact of Western war guilt over the Holocaust that led to a huge growth in support for an independent Israeli state at the expense of Palestinian rights.

Even so, One Palestine, Complete offers a thoughtful and dramatic account of the evolution of two nationalist movements that seem destined never to be reconciled. With a past like this, what hope is there for the future? --John Crace, Amazon.co.uk

From Publishers Weekly
"The British entered Palestine to defeat the Turks; they stayed there to keep it from the French; then they gave it to the Zionists because they loved 'the Jews' even as they loathed them, at once admired and despised them, and above all feared them. They were not guided by strategic considerations, and there was no orderly decision-making process," claims Segev in revealing the thrust of his argument that the contemporary problems between the Arabs and the Jews over the issue of a promised homeland were exacerbated by the interventions of the British empire between the two world wars. Segev, author of the well-known and highly controversial books 1949 and The Seventh Million, is one of the "new historians" who have revised and demythologized the history of modern Israel. The reason the British feared the Zionists, Segev maintains, was that they believed that the Jews had inordinate political power around the world. Moreover, he suggests that the Arab rebellions of the late 1930s were instrumental in convincing the British to leave the reins to the Jewish Agency and even hypothesizes about how the British would have reacted if the Arabs had had a political infrastructure in place similar to that of the Jews. Although his argument would be more convincing had he given greater credence to the Palestinian perspective, Segev is an excellent historical writer who presents a compelling and timely discussion of a well-trodden subjectDeven if it does not stir as much controversy as his earlier work. (Nov. 14)
Copyright 2000 Reed Business Information, Inc.

From Library Journal
In the past 50 years, Arab-Israeli relations have been marked by several wars and internecine conflicts. Understanding the events in Palestine during the first half of the 20th century, which shaped the future of this conflict, is critical to understanding the contemporary obstacles confronting the Middle East peace process. Israeli journalist Segev (1949: The First Israelis) has written a detailed, evenhanded account of these events, which led to the establishment of the state of Israel and the creation of the Palestinian refugee problem. By relying on a wealth of archival material, the author demonstrates how and why the British ultimately favored the Zionist forces over the Arabs and how they helped the nascent Zionist movement defeat the Palestinians and other Arabs. Highly recommended for both academic and large public libraries.
-DNader Entessar, Spring Hill Coll., Mobile, AL
Copyright 2000 Reed Business Information, Inc.

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0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
One Palestine, Complete; is anything but complete
By Matthew Smith
I read this book a few years ago, and when I finished it I didn't feel that I could write an informed review. The book really left me with a lot of questions and very few answers. When I decided to read this book I had read a lot of current events and recent histories of this area, but I had not read enough of the history of the making of this region to give myself a proper historical context with which to understand the current histories within their broader context. This particular book was my first read to rectify this lack of knowledge. After reading it though I felt that I had to have more to understand this book and this period.

Part of the problem was perspective. In reading this book I thought that Chaim Weizmann had basically single handedly and apropos of nothing went to England, and on the force of nothing more than his own personality and with a little help of English bigotry wrested the Balfour Declaration from the British government. I didn't come away with the understanding that Weizmann was a representative of a much larger group. This was the type of problem I had with the entire work. I felt like throughout the book there was something I was not getting, a perspective that was lacking.

That was the reason I was unable to review the work back when I originally read it. This book can only be read in conjunction with other works if the reader is to understand this history. I feel that other readers who come into this work without the requisite background of knowledge to understand the broader context that this work fits into will end up like me, more confused than enlightened by this book. This is the reason why I can't highly recommend this book to all readers. It isn't that this book is bad or misleading; it is just that it is anything but complete.

I would go further into the problems that I had with this book, but were it not for an excellent review by Omer Belsky that says everything I would have said just better than I could have said. So instead of going into a greater detail I would direct readers to that review.

This book has its merits, and it certainly adds to Israeli/Palestinian historiography. I would also recommend reading this book, but only once you have developed an understanding of the British Mandate period and of the Zionist organizations that men like Weizmann were working through. This work is a good contribution to the wealth of books on this period, but this work just doesn't stand on its own.

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Good history
By Thomas N. Crocker
Good history and not always easy to find. The author is an Israeli who does not go along with many of the novelists of the period. The test of a good history book should be: Did you learn anything? I did.

Incidentally, I am strongly pro Israel.

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Journalistic in style
By Carol L. Holmes
If you've ever wanted to know the historical background of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict then this book is a great introduction. Those who expect academic prose and terms will be disappointed; it is journalistic in tone and meant to entertain more than critique and analyze. Data are surreptitiously woven into poetic phrases, and delivered in storied manner. Good read otherwise.

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It is a great pleasure to share with you the Springer CCIS 111 proceedings of the Third World Summit on the Knowledge Society––WSKS 2010––that was organized by the International Scientific Council for the Knowledge Society, and supported by the Open Research Society, NGO, (http://www.open-knowledge-society.org) and the Int- national Journal of the Knowledge Society Research, (http://www.igi-global.com/ijksr), and took place in Aquis Corfu Holiday Palace Hotel, on Corfu island, Greece, September 22–24, 2010. The Third World Summit on the Knowledge Society (WSKS 2010) was an inter- tional scientific event devoted to promoting the dialogue on the main aspects of the knowledge society towards a better world for all. The multidimensional economic and social crisis of the last couple years brings to the fore the need to discuss in depth new policies and strategies for a human-centric developmental process in the global c- text. This annual summit brings together key stakeholders of knowledge society dev- opment worldwide, from academia, industry, government, policy makers, and active citizens to look at the impact and prospects of it information technology, and the knowledge-based era it is creating, on key facets of living, working, learning, innovating, and collaborating in today’s hyper-complex world.

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[O233.Ebook] PDF Download Faith Misplaced: The Broken Promise of U.S.-Arab Relations: 1820-2001, by Ussama Makdisi

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The two-hundred-year-long relationship between the Arab world and United States has been fraught with tension and resentment. What began in the nineteenth century as a favorable exchange of cultural understanding and economic opportunity deteriorated with America's increasing interest in oil, and finally collapsed when America's pushed for the legitimization of the State of Israel. In this provocative new book, Lebanese-American historian Ussama Makdisi explores America's fractured relationship with the Arab world, and offers policy recommendations that can lead to its repair.

• Sales Rank: #889630 in Books
• Published on: 2011-06-28
• Released on: 2011-06-28
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.90" h x .98" w x 5.80" l, 1.10 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 432 pages

From Publishers Weekly
A history of foreign policy gone wrong, Makdisi™s study argues convincingly that Americans have rarely engaged with the Arab nations as autonomous peoples with cultures and histories of their own--they™ve preferred "glib generalizations"--and that such myopia is at the core of much of the Middle East™s animosity toward the U.S. In his history of the Middle East, Makdisi (Artillery of Heaven) privileges Arab voices and, for the most part demonstrates an impressive ability to render societies and individuals as multifaceted. He efficiently debunks the Huntingtonian belief in an inevitable clash of civilizations and resurrects a forgotten history of mutual curiosity and cultural cross-pollination between the East and West. It™s unfortunate, then, that he reduces Zionism and Zionists to a cog in the machinations of Western power politics, rather than presenting a more complex, messy, and accurate picture of competing narratives and their impact on American policy making. His pat simplification undermines his otherwise commendable effort to defuse the "mutual incomprehension" and "mutual demonization" between the U.S. and the Arab world.
Copyright � Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

From Booklist
In Artillery of Heaven (2009), Makdisi challenged simplistic theories of a “clash of civilizations” by examining the largely unsuccessful efforts of American missionaries in the Middle East in the early nineteenth century, paying particular attention to the conversion, suffering, and death of As'ad Shidyaq, the first known Arab to be converted to Protestantism. His latest selection, carefully researched and strongly voiced, opens by revisiting Shidyaq and the missionaries of the 1820s, casting their experience as the first in a long series of increasingly sour U.S.-Arab cultural interactions. It did not have to be this way, Makdisi suggests; goodwill toward Americans, especially in Lebanon and Egypt, was initially substantial enough to overcome even the most dramatic misconceptions and unrealistic expectations. Western-oriented institutions like the American University of Beirut—alma mater of several of Makdisi's ancestors and one of this selection's informal focal points—thrived. And yet certain political acts and omissions, particularly the U.S. decision to align itself closely with Israel (a “betrayal,” in Makdisi's words), have led relations to their current nadir. Yet such animosity is rooted in policy, not cultural clash, and in this there may be cause for guarded optimism. --Brendan Driscoll

Review
Kirkus, a STARRED review
”A sage, evenhanded look at the souring of a once-promising relationship… While numerous recent books delve more deeply into the Arab-Israel crisis of the modern era, Makdisi maneuvers through this minefield with a steady hand… A work of impressive clarity and scholarship.”�Stephen Walt, Foreign Policy, July 29, 2010“Makdisi is a distinguished historian at Rice University, who's written a fascinating and spirited account of the tragic deterioration in U.S. relations with most of the Arab and Islamic world…If you're still curious about "why they hate us?" this book is a good place to start.”�Christian Science Monitor, July 19, 2010“While Makdisi’s narrative is lopsided – focusing on how ties to Israel undermined US-Arab relations without mentioning how Arab nations themselves have undermined relations – his well-written book offers fresh insight into the American evangelical presence in the Middle East.”�The Palestine Note, June 30, 2010“[Makdisi] succeeds in constructing a history that is pointed and deliberate but still represents the larger realities of Arab-American relations over the past two centuries. The book is a welcome and helpful resource for any reader wishing to understand how Arab-American relations have fallen to the nadir they are at now.”�Jerusalem Fund, August 31, 2010“Ussama Makdisi's book tells an important story about a relationship which, in its early years, had tremendous potential based on commonalities and tolerance, but it ultimately soured over time as the spirit of cooperation embodied in the academic institutions established by missions in the Arab world, was replaced with a spirit of domination and dictation from an aspiring superpower to a peoples in the midst of anti-colonialist resistance.”�Salon, December 8, 2010
“It is a sad tale, and Makdisi writes it with verve and elegance.”

CHOICE, April 2011“This comprehensive, informative, well-researched, and well-written book has an excellent bibliographical essay.”

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35 of 40 people found the following review helpful.
Why do they hate us?
By Michael Santomauro
"Why do they hate us?" It is probably the most asked question regarding the Arab world since 9/11. Many have ventured to ask and answer this question in the years before and after 9/11, and such works became popular with a broad American readership. Sam Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations," which was largely dismissed by the academy when it was first published, became very popular after the terror attacks on the United States in 2001.

But "Why do they hate us?" is also one of the most loaded five-word questions imaginable. Who exactly are they? Who exactly is us? (Or is it U.S.?) Are both of these groups monolithic? Is this so-called hate personal; or rather is hate a misleading term all together?

All of these questions, essentially the unpacking of this loaded and overused question, are explored in Ussama Makdisi's Faith Misplaced: The Broken Promise of U.S. Arab Relations 1820-2001.

While many who tell the story of this relationship begin with the American encounter with Barbary pirates off the coast of North Africa, the starting point for Makdisi is representative of his general understanding of the relationship which he tries to convey to his readers. When it comes to the Arab world, and particularly the Levant with which the United States has been so enamored, the origins of this relationship are not in violent clashes at sea but rather through initially unremarkable proselytizing missions.

His description of the early period of American proselytization attempts is valuable and particularly telling. The fiercest opponents of these missions at the time were not the majority Muslim population, as the "Clash of Civilizations" doctrine would have us expect, but rather the leadership of the eastern Christian churches whose flocks were targeted by the missionaries. Makdisi explains that the eastern churches had struck a balance of comfort in a multi-religious society, and perceived the missionaries as threats to that delicate harmony.

Makdisi explains that over time the religious missions, taking into account the resistance they faced from the eastern churches, had morphed into a more secular endeavor. Abandoning preaching and adopting education, American expeditions in the Arab world created institutions like the Syrian Protestant College, which later became the esteemed American University of Beirut.

It would be these institutions that helped create an opening to understanding the West, and the United States in particular, at a time when the Ottoman Empire still ruled the land, and French, British and Israeli occupations where not in the Arab imagination. Likewise, these institutions, Makdisi writes, helped the Arabs form new communal identities:

The emergence of Arabic literary and scientific societies, newspapers and journals in Beirut and Cairo, many of which were founded by men who had worked with or taught alongside missionaries, helped create a feeling of being Syrian, Arab or Egyptian in a national sense that could unite Muslim and Christian Arabic speakers.

While some of the roots of secular Arab nationalism can be traced back to institutions connected with American missionaries, the American failure to account for the general will of the very civil society it helped spark played a significant role in the souring of the relationship. Long before the regular public-opinion polling of Arab populations we have become accustomed to today, the King-Crane Commission of 1919 set out to understand the native feeling about self-determination, mandatory governments, independence and colonialism. This process, which Makdisi devotes a significant part of the book to, was the beginning of a turning point in the relationship. The Commission's report documented a strong sense of self-determination among the Arabs (who distrusted European colonialism but would be more open to the idea of an American mandate) and, importantly, it noted a strong anti-Zionist sentiment.

When Woodrow Wilson's White House failed to respond to the report and the Levant became a drawing board for French and British kingmakers with Zionist aspirations in mind, the new world order established by post-WWI idealists began to crumble, and the stage was set for the United States' fall from grace in the Arab world. On the creation of Israel, Makdisi writes:

The question of Palestine would remain at the center of Arab concern, both as an embodiment of collective Arab failure and as a spur to Arab unification. Resisting, indeed reversing, Zionism became the mantra of modern anti-imperialist Arab politics- one passionately believed in by millions of Arabs and one also relentlessly exploited by a bevy of competing leaders who sought to seize the mantel of pan-Arab leadership while struggling to consolidate their grip on power at home. Through its championing of partition and its immediate recognition of a Jewish state, America had drawn first blood. The Arab reaction was not long in coming.

Ussama Makdisi's book tells an important story about a relationship which, in its early years, had tremendous potential based on commonalities and tolerance, but it ultimately soured over time as the spirit of cooperation embodied in the academic institutions established by missions in the Arab world, was replaced with a spirit of domination and dictation from an aspiring superpower to a peoples in the midst of anti-colonialist resistance.

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent
By Sam Wright
A must-read for anyone interested in understanding the history of US-Arab relations. Makdisi eloquently takes us through the twists and turns of this journey, highlighting its ups and downs within a clear global and regional historical context, explaining the various missed opportunities, and discussing what is needed to lay the foundations for a new beginning. This is a brilliant well-researched book that is likely to be an eye-opener for many readers.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Brilliant
By Lizot
This is a sincere, bright and balanced book on the crucial subject of the relationship between Americans and the Arabs. The political, economical and cultural aspects are well explained and their interactions are highlighted in a very intelligent manner.

Very good read indeed

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